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Drug Facts : Benzodiazepines

AKA: Benzos, tranx, sleepers, downers. Specific drugs are referred to by their chemical name, brand name, and some have got slang names. More common drugs include:

Name	Brand	Slang
ALPRAZOLAM	Xanax
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE	Librium
DIAZEPAM	Valium	Vallies Blues
FLUNITRAZEPAM	Rohypnol	Rohies, Rufies
NITRAZEPAM	Mogadon	Moggies
TEMAZEPAM	Normison	Temazies, Jellies, Eggs

SOURCE: Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed as sedatives, to combat anxiety, as skeletal muscle relaxants, anti-epileptics and anti-convulsants. However, some benzodiazepines leak onto the street, and are quite widely misused.
Benzodiazepines, especially diazepam, have been illicitly imported in to the UK. Some have been entering from Eastern Europe and sold on the illicit markets. Others have been ordered on line from one of the many Internet Pharmacies. Some of these tablets are fake, or of variable quality.
Since around 2009, we have also seen the rediscovery of abandoned experimental benzodiazepines or the emergence of new ones that are not currently restricted. This has resulted in unregulated sale on-line and in 'head-shops' of benzodiazepines. Some of these have since been regulated but there are several that, at the time of writing, are still sold in the UK.
The imported and regulated drugs mean that benzodiazepines remain widely used and available, even though the number of prescribed drugs has decreased in recent years.
The most frequently available drugs are those with italicised slang names above.

Since around 2008, there has been a significant increase in the supply of benzo-type drugs on websites supplying other Novel Psychoactive Compounds. The first compound supplied, Phenazepam, has since been made a Controlled Drug. However a number of other compounds have since emerged. These include Etizolam, Deschloroetizolam, Flubromazepam and a number of others.

APPEARANCE: The appearance of each drug varies widely. Most are distributed as tablets or capsules. A small number of unregulated compounds are sold as powders. A few also come in preparations for injection, such as Valium ampoules, which command a higher street value.
Different brands of drug will vary from company to company. Tablets will vary in colour, shape and markings.
The mainstay of the street benzodiazepine market has, for a number of years, been diazepam. The most widespread and popular strength, a 10mg tablet, is often a scored blue tablet. As a result, people manufacturing tablets to sell as diazepam invariably produce a blue tablet. These can vary massively in consistency and strength. Some are merely white powders, dyed blue and compressed in to tablets.

COST: At a street level, benzodiazepines have a very low value, typically around 50p per tablet. Ampoules can cost a pound or two.

QUALITY: Assuming that the pills are correctly identified and genuine, quality is assured. However, it is difficult to correctly identify all of the drugs in this family by eye, let alone assay the strength, so mistakes in strength and name are frequent amongst those purchasing outside medical spheres.
With an increasing number of imported, fake, unlicensed and novel products entering the market, the risks with non-pharmacy products will increase. Products could contain something stronger, weaker or different.

METHODS OF USE: Tablets are designed for oral use, though some users crush and inject tablets. As diazepam has very poor solubility in water this is damaging and not very effective. There are some reports of snorting, especially of novel, unregulated benzodiazepines.

MECHANISM of ACTION: Benzodiazepines interact with the GABA system in the brain. The regulatory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) plays a role in moderating electrical activity in the brain. As GABA levels increase, so electrical activity in relevant neurons goes down.
Specific benzodiazepines are believed to be more active at different Benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors. This may result in different benzos having greater or lesser sleep-inducing, muscle relaxing or anxiolytic effects.
Benzodiazepines are not GABA agonists (mimics). Other drugs, like GHB and Barbiturates are GABA mimics. Instead, benzodiazepines appear to increase regulatory effect of GABA. They need GABA, or a GABA-mimic present to work.

REASONS for USE: Benzodiazepines are still used medically for a range of conditions including: Anti-convulsants, anti-anxiety (anxiolytic), sleep-inducing (hypnotic), muscle relaxant, amnesiac, alcohol detoxification.
Non-medical use follows similar patterns, self-medicating for a range of conditions including anxiety and insomnia. They are also popular as "come-down" drugs following use of stimulants. The sense of intoxication when used with opiates or alcohol is greater, so these combinations are widely used. This brings a bigger risk of overdose.

STRENGTH: Benzodiazepines vary significantly in strength. They are generally compared in potency using diazepam (Valium) as a benchmark. So potencies are expressed in relation to 10mg of diazepam. 5mg of Alprazolam (for example) is equivalent to 10mg of diazepam. So Alprazolam is around twenty times the strength of diazepam.

DOSE RANGES: There are a wide range of benzodiazepines available and the lower dose ranges vary according to the potency of the drug, and its duration of effect. Medical guidance specifies upper dose ranges for medical use. In street settings upper dose range will vary massively according to tolerance. Some people will build up dose tolerance far in excess of the therapeutic dose range.

INDICATORS of USE: Aside from physical evidence such as packaging, there are few markers for benzo use. Illicit fake diazepam can cause blue staining to lips and tongue. Otherwise indicators are simply drowsiness, relaxation and possibly appearing drunk, but without the smell of alcohol.
Whilst older benzos will show up on urine tests, some of the newer products such as Etizolam are sufficiently structurally different so won't show up on urine tests.

ONSET and DURATION: As with strength and dose, benzodiazepines vary significantly in terms of how fast they start working, and how long their effects last.
Slow-onset benzodiazepines increase the risk that a person will re-dose before drugs have started working properly.
Some benzodiazepines produce active metabolites, with very long half-lives. Some can last 100-200 hours or longer. These long-acting drugs increase the risk of building up tolerance, and that any later drug use will be taking place on top of residual benzodiazepines. For example, diazepam used on Sunday will probably still be in the system on Tuesday or Wednesday. This means that alcohol use on these days is effectively taking place on top of benzodiazepines.

EFFECTS: Benzos can cause physical relaxation, reduce stress and anxiety. Users may become drowsy or fall asleep. They can have a big impact on memory, causing amnesia. They can also cause slurred speech, clumsiness and confusion. People report euphoria and some people find benzos disinhibiting, in the same way that alcohol is. Some users gain a feeling of invulnerability or invisibility when using benzodiazepines. They may find this useful when, for example, shoplifting. Some users experience depression and, paradoxically, a few users become over-excited or violent.

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS:
Dependence: When used within a supervised medical regime, benzodiazepines should not be used for extensive periods as tolerance develops rapidly and withdrawal can be an unpleasant and, in some cases, dangerous process. After a few weeks, and certainly within a few months, they cease to be therapeutic, and use is now primarily to stave off withdrawal symptoms.
For physically dependent users, abrupt withdrawal can cause insomnia, anxiety, tremors and, in severe cases convulsions.
Withdrawal from Benzodiazepines should always be tapered rather than done suddenly.
Where there is evidence of high doses, long-term use, or where the person has a history of illness such as epilepsy, withdrawal should be done under medical supervision. IT IS POSSIBLE TO DIE DUE TO SEVERE BENZODIAZEPINE WITHDRAWAL. However this is unusual and most people are able to withdraw rapidly, through a tapering reduction programme.

Overdose: There is a low risk of fatal overdose when benzodiazepines are used on their own. They have a very high therapeutic index, and while there's a risk of unconsciousness or possible coma, the risk of death is low. This risk is raised through ignorance as to the strength of various tablets.
However, in combination with other drugs, especially alcohol and opiates, the risk of fatal overdose is far higher. A large number of dependent drinkers and people on opiate substitution therapy are also prescribed diazepam, increasing risk of dangerous polydrug use.

Other risks: When tablets are crushed for injection, this brings with it a range of associated health risks. Of specific concern were Temazepam Capsules. These capsules were originally introduced as a response to growing concern over Temazepam tablets being crushed for injection. The capsules contained a viscous jelly that was intended to discourage injecting. However, users found that heating the jelly made it become liquid, and so injected it. However, at lower temperature, such as at body temperature, the gel solidifies, and a large number of gruesome injecting injuries were reported. Gel capsules have not been legitimately available in the UK for over ten years.

LEGAL STATUS: Most Benzodiazepines are class C drugs. The majority are Schedule 4i drugs, meaning that they can only be supplied, produced and possessed by those authorised to do so. The law on Schedule 4 drugs changed in 2002; prior to that it was not an offence to possess benzodiazepines without prescription.
The penalty for supply of a Class C drug was increased from 5 years to 14 years, so it is a serious criminal offence.
Temazepam and Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) were rescheduled, and are Schedule 3 drugs.
Phenazepam emerged on to the "Legal High" market but was made a controlled drug. At present a small number of benzo-type drugs are not regulated including Diclazepam, Pyrazolam, Etizolam, Deschloroetizolam, Nifoxipam and Flubromazepam. They are sold as "not for human consumption" to get round other legislation.

OTHER INFORMATION:
Benzodiazepines were introduced and have largely supplanted the BARBITURATE group of drugs, which were widely prescribed and widely misused in the seventies. They were seen as preferential to barbiturates as the risks of overdose, dependence and side-effects were thought to be less. They are very widely prescribed; some critics argue that they are over-prescribed, and do not tackle the causes, merely masking symptoms temporarily.
They are used recreationally in a number of settings. Some people combine benzodiazepines with alcohol to enhance and increase intoxication. Some stimulant users take benzodiazepines to alleviate the "come-down" from speed, Ecstasy or cocaine, and to promote sleep.
It is not uncommon for dependent heroin users to use benzodiazepines when heroin is unavailable, or to use them to help offset some of the symptoms of withdrawal. The use of benzos on top of prescribed opiates - such as with methadone or Subutex - is also common as it can make the effects of the opiates feel stronger. Such use increases risk of overdose.
Many people self-medicate with benzodiazepines to alleviate mental discomfort caused by mental health problems, painful memories, or to escape unpleasant circumstances. For such users, where unsupervised use may be long-term and extensive, careful assessment of needs, of underlying reason for the drug use, and comprehensive care plans are likely to be needed to achieve reduction and cessation of drug use.
Prescribers are very aware of benzodiazepine over prescribing, and in many areas greater care is now taken to reduce and monitor prescribing. However, a number of other drugs have been less closely monitored and have increased in popularity.
Initially, the "Z-Drugs" (Zopiclone, Zimovane, Zaleplon) increased and of course started to be misused. The law in relation to some of these has now been tightened and they are now Controlled Drugs.
More recently, Gabapentin and Pregabalin have emerged as the latest of the sedating drugs to shift from medical to non-medical settings. Although not benzodiazepines, they work in the same parts of the brain, with similar risks in terms of tolerance, dependency and overdose.
Whilst the use of prescribed diazepam is undoubtedly lower, levels of benzo-type drugs (including illicit market, novel psychoactives, and similar prescribed drugs) means overall use is probably increasing. Workers have reported people entering treatment with staggeringly high levels of benzodiazepine dependency, built up exclusively using street benzos.
Alongside opiates, alcohol and strong stimulants, benzos remain a core feature of the UK drug scene.

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